PART I PRELIMINARY
A. BACKGROUNDSupervisor to philosophy would not be complete without a word about the development of philosophy throughout history. History of philosophy is the philosophy of scientific investigations concerning the development of the entire human race in history. Thus, the history of philosophy was not yet "philosophy", the history of philosophy is simply "history" Talking about the birth and development of philosophy in the early birth can not be separated from the development of (science) during the emergence of the knowledge of ancient civilizations (Greek time). In the history of philosophy biasanay Greek philosophy promoted as the base of the history of western philosophy, because the western world (Erofa West) in the realm of mind stems to Greek thought. At that time there were explanations about the universe as well as the occupants, but this description is based on trust. Experts think tidka satisfied with the information and try to find information through budinya.Often the problems of philosophy can only be understood when seen from the development of its history. Experts great as Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Immanuel Kant it can only be understood from the streams that preceded them. One stream which is usually a reaction or syintetis from other streams. Philosophy and Science, known in the Western world comes from the era Today
B. FORMULATION PROBLEMTo find out how philosophy can be born and grow up today, it is good we know the history of the emergence That philosophy, Philosophy and Science, known in the Western world Today is derived from Ancient Greece, for that we try to examine more deeply about the history of Philosophy Ancient Greece The.
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
GREEK HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Greeks who lived in the 6th century BC has a belief system that everything should be accepted as something that originates in myths or fables. That is a truth through reason thought (logical) does not apply, which applies only truth that comes from myths (fables).After the 6th century BC appeared a number of experts think that opposes the myth. They want any questions about the universe's wife, the answer is an acceptable reason (rational). Such circumstances as a demitiologi, it means a revival of the idea of using the mind-set and leave the things that are mitologi.upaya experts thought to lead to a freedom of thought, then a lot of people trying to create a concept that is based on the power of reason thought it pure, there arises a miraculous event The Greek Miracle which means it can be used as the basis of the civilized world.The perpetrator is reasonable and his philosophy is the heart. The opposition between reason and the heart that is basically the contents of the history of philosophy. In the history of philosophy seem reasonable never won, never losing heart had triumphed, also never lost, never both together also a win-win. Among them, in history, there has been a scramble pergugumulan dominance in controlling human life.What is meant by the logical mind here is the mind which is housed in the head, while the heart is a sense that roughly housed in dada.akal pengethauan logical that resulted in the so-called philosophy, while the heart is basically produce knowledge supralogis called mystical knowledge, faith including here. Greek philosophy is a common feature of rationalism which culminated in the sophists.In the history of philosophy biasanay Greek philosophy promoted as the base of the history of western philosophy, because the western world (Erofa West) in the realm of mind stems to Greek thought. At that time there were explanations about the universe as well as the occupants, but this description is based on trust. Experts think tidka satisfied with the information and try to find information through budinya. They ask and find the answer whether it is actually natural. What essence? Colorful ynag may exist in nature may be sent back to that one. They are looking for a natural core, with the term: they are looking for natural arche (arch 'in the Greek language, which means beginning, origin). [3]There are three factors that make this Greek philosophy was born, namely:1. Nation-rich Greek myth (fairy tale), in which the myth is considered as the beginning of the undertakings people to know or understand. The myths are then arranged systematically for a while seem rational that appears selective and rational myths, such as the poem Homer, Orpheus and others.2. The Greek literary work which is regarded as the driving birth dapt Greek philosophy, Homerous work has a very important position to guide the lives of those that contain the Greek educational values.3. Effect of sciences of Babylon (Egypt) in the valley of the Nile, then thanks to the ability and skill sciences were developed so that they learn not didasrkan on practical aspects, but also the theoretical aspects of the creative.Given these three factors, the position shifted by the myth of logos (reason), so that after the shift in philosophy was born.
This ancient Greek period, commonly called the period of natural philosophy. Say so, because in this period is characterized by the emergence of the experts think of nature, where the direction and attention to what thoughts were observed sekitarnya.mereka make questions about natural phenomena that are philosophical (by reason think) and not based on myth. They are looking for the first principle of the universe (arche) that are absolute, which is behind everything completely changed.
Greek philosophical thinkers who first came from Miletus, a Greek colony located on the coast of Asia Minor. They are in awe of nature that by nuances and rituals and trying to find answers ynag bag what is behind all of that material.
1. Thales (625-545 BC)Thales name appears on the narrative sejarawanHerodatus in the 5th century BC. Thales as one of the seven wise (Seven Wise Men of Greece). Aristotle gave the title The Father of Filoshopy.juga a technical advisor to 21 cities lonia. One of the major services is to predict the solar eclipse in 585 BC.Thales believes that the first basic nature or essence is water.Thales develops natural philosophy cosmology that questioned the origin, nature and structure of the universe Daria composition. As scientists at that time he studied magnetism and electricity that is the subject matter of physics. Also developed astronomy and mathematics to express their opinions, that the moon shines because it reflects sunlight. Thus, Thales is a mathematician of the first and jugaThe Father of deductive reasoning (father of deductive reasoning).
In the history of mathematics, Thales is regarded as a pioneer of abstract geometry based on the instructions flood gauge, which is implemented with the postulates of geometry proves that one of them: that both base angles of an isosceles triangle is equal besarnya.Walaupun -pandangan view Thales benyak less obviously, but his opinion is the first experiment sanagt still simple to use ratio (the mind)
2. Anaximander (640-546 BC)Anaximander was the first to invent a treaty in Greek literature and contributed in the fields of astronomy, geography, so he was the first person to create a map bumi.ia successfully led a group of people who create new cities in Apollonia, Yuanani.
Anaximander said that the first base is a substance that is not certain of its properties, which dinami to apeiron.adapun Anaximenes (590-528) says that the essence of nature or essentially first is udara.karena udaralah ynag covering the whole of nature and the air precisely what makes basic life for man mat required by breathing.
Anaximander tried to explain that the first substance is eternal and existing by itself (Mayer, 1950: 19) .anaximander menagatakan the air. Air is the source of all life, thus the reason.
3. Pythagoras (± 572-497 BC)Regarding the events of his life, he was born on the island of Samos, Lonia.tanggal and the year is not known for sure. He also did not leave writings so what you need to know Pythagoras needed testimonies. According Aristoxenos a pupil of Aristotle, Pythagoras moved to the city of Kroton, southern Italy because it does not agree with Polykrates tyrannical government. In this city he founded a religious school, for 20 years in Kroton, then moved to Metapontion and died in this city.
Thoughts, the substance of all the objects are numbers and all natural phenomena is a sensory expression of mathematical comparisons. Numbers are the essence POKO basis of the properties of objects (Number rules the universe = numbers govern the universe) .pemikirannya about numbers, he suggested that every elementary number from 1 to 10 have the power and meaning of their own. One is the origin of everything ten, and ten is the perfect number. Numbers odd (odd) is more perfect than an even number and is identical to the finite (limited). One of the followers of Pythagoras say that god adlah number seven, the soul was number six, the agency was number four.
Pythagoras also there is little human philosophize, he expressed the opinion that in humans is something that is not physical and that can not be dead, which still continues to exist, if the man was gone. According to Pythagoras human has a soul and that soul is now convicted and imprisoned in the body. Therefore, humans must membershkan themselves to release him from confinement and thus it can he get into happiness.Mengataka Pythagoras the first time that the universe is an orderly whole, something harmonious as in music. So he is also known as a mathematician and also a music expert. He found dapt harmony is achieved by combining opposite things, such as:• Limited - unlimited• Odd even• One - a lot• Male Female
Silence - motion• Etcaccording to the Pythagorean wisdom which is really only owned by the Lord, therefore he did not want to be called as a wise as Thales, but called himself philosopos is the creator of wisdom. Then it is the one used as a literal translation dalah Philosofia the love of wisdom or kebjaksanaan so until now etymologically and short simple philosophy can be defined as the love of wisdom or wisdom (Love of Wisdom).
4. Xenophanes (570 -? SM)Xenophanes was born in Xolophon, Asia Minor. At the age of 25 years he wandered into Greece. He is more correct to say as a poet than a thinker (philosopher), because he has the power of critical reasoning that studies the philosophical thinking at the time tu. His name is well known menjdai arena for the first time he asked the assumption that the conflict between the philosophical (rational) with myth.
Yan opinion contained in criticism of Homer and Herodotus, he denied the existence of antromorfosisme Gods, namely God diganbarkan as (as if) man. Because humans always have the tendency to think and others. He also denied that God is eternal and has no beginning. He also rejected the notion that God has banayk and emphasize quantity over keeasaan God. This criticism addressed to the old assumptions are based on mythology.5. Heraclitos (535-475 BC)Heraclitos born in Ephesus, a colony in Asia Minor and is a friend of Pythagoras and Xenophanes, but he was older. He got his nickname due to browse through the dark thoughts of motion is very difficult. Only by looking at the fragments, he has the impression of a high heart and arrogant, so he is denouncing the majority of people to say nasty and stupid, also denounced people who really prominent in Greece.Thought philosophy menjdai famous philosophy. He argues that everything (there was) was to be and always changing. So that the famous words: Panta Rhei uden MENCI kai, which means everything is flowing like a stream and tudak single person who can get into the river twice. Alsannya, first because the river water has flowed, changing the water yan is in belakanganya. Likewise, all that exists, nothing is fixed, everything changed. Finally it is said that the essence of all things is to be, then philosophy is said to be the philosophy.
According Heraclitos this universe sealu preformance circumstances change, something cold turns into heat, the heat turned cold. That means we are to understand the life of the cosmos, we Meati realize that life is dynamic cosmos. Cosmos that never stops (silence), he is always moving, and moving means change. The motion was generating resistance-resistance. that is why he came to kongkulasi that are fundamental in the universe is not baha (stuff) was as questionable by the philosopher who first, but the process (Warner, 1961: 28). Revelation "all flow" means that all change is not a simple pernayatan. The implication of the statement is very great. And tu implies that truth seallau changed, not fixed. Understanding fair on this day is not necessarily true tomorrow. Today the 2 x 2 = 4, but tomorrow may also not four. This view is a base color flsafat sophism.
In his opinion, in the natural arche contained living thing (like spirit) are referred to as logos (reason or some kind of revelation). Logos is what controls simultaneously controlling the existence of everything. Human life will be saved in accordance with logos.
6. Parmenides (540-475 BC)Parmenides was born in the city of Elea, Greek colony in southern Italy, Arena. He was born in Elea, the adherents were called Elea. Heraclitos same greatness with greatness. He was the first to think about the nature of existing (being).
Parmanides is one of the characters relativusme important. Logikawan said to be the first in the history of philosophy, and even can be called the first philosopher in the modern sense. The system as a whole was based on logical dedukasi, unlike Heraclitos, for example, that using intuition. Turns plato appreciates the Parmenides method. And Plato took more than Parmenides compared with its predecessor from other philosophers.
He found only pnegetahuan ynag fixed and general about one sajlaah (cultivation of knowledge) that can be trusted. Cultivation of knowledge that can be trusted, if it is true then he sesuailah with reality. Therefore, that is not the reality of a changing and moving as well as switching and sundry, but that remains. But the reality is not there. This is in contrast to the opinion of Heraclitos namely that reality is motion and change.
In the way of Truth Parmanides ask: What is the standard of truth and reality of what size? How can it be understood? he replied: size is consistent logic. Example. There are three ways of thinking about God: first there was, second to none, and third and no. The truth is that there is (1) it is impossible to believe that no (2) as there because ayng there must be no. That (3) is not possible because God may not exist and at the same time does not exist. So, whether or not an opinion as measured by logic. This is where the problem arises. An extreme form of that statement is that the measure of truth is the human mind.
That there is (being) exists, that there can not disappear into nothing, and that there may not appear to be there, which is not there, so can not be considered. Which can be thought is simply that there are only while nothing can not be contemplated. So, that is (being) the one, common, fixed and can not be divided. Because the existing divide or childbirth would cause a lot there, and it does not mungkin.yang exist and can not be used as musnah.yang are in every place, therefore there is no empty space, then beyond that there is still something else.
7. Zeno (± 490-430 BC)Zeno was born in Elea, and a pupil of Parmenides. As a student he steadfastly persevering teacher teaching by providing argumentation well so that later he was regarded as the foundation stone of the dialectic.
According to Aristotle, Zeno was the one who found the dialectic is an argument which starts from an assumption ayau hypothesis, and from the hypothesis drawn a conclusion. Against opponents-opponents conclusions proposed by Zeno of a given hypothesis is a conclusion that is impossible, so it is evident that the hypothesis is wrong.
For example, in the hypothesis put forward to oppose the motion:a. The arrow released from a bow as a thing that does not move, because at any time the arrow stopped at a certain place. Then, from where they move somewhere else stops and so on .. it is said to be missed darts to arrive at the destination, meaning a trip to the arrow is actually a collection stops-stops arrows.b. Achilles ran the famous rooster in mythology Yunanitdak can win against kura0kura, because turtles berangat before Achilles, so Achileslebih first have to pass through or reach a point where the where the turtles are at berangkat.setelah Archles when he was at a point, kura- The tortoise has been even further so that the distance between Achiles and turtles always decrease but idak inexhaustible.Zeno's argument during the 20th century can not be solved over the logically. Can only be solved after the mathematician makes sense the limit of an infinite series.
8. Empedocles (490-435 BC)Born in Akragos, the island of Sicily, he was heavily influenced by the teachings and religious sects refisme Ptagorean. He is proficient in the fields of medicine, poet rhetoric, politics and thinkers. He wrote his works in the form of poetry, like Parmenides.
In his book on natural Empedocles said that in fact there was nothing to be and lost, he follows Parmenides. The difference in the whole state was none other than the mixture and incorporation of elements (rizomata): water. Air. Fire, and atnah. The fourth element is what is the final basis of everything. This merger prosese maintained by two opposing forces, namely love and hate. Because love it at first keempt these elements are arranged in balance, while the hate which pull apart the original keseimabangan it. Love then take action and restore the semula.tetapi divorced scattered again by hate. Penegtahuan none other than a merger process: as belonging to the land, we know the ground, incorporated with water kta out for water.
Thus, the events in the universe, elements of love and hate always accompanies. Also, the process of merging and divorce is valid for bearing children living creatures. Sedangakn single human being is composed of four elements (fire, air, soil and water) also will recognize the four elements. This is because the theory proposed by Empedocles pnegenalan same that recognize the same.
9. Anaxagoras (± 499-20 BC)He was born in the city Klazomenai, Lonia, then settled in Athens for 30 years. Anaxagoras was the first thinker who lives in Athens, where dikemudia day inlah Athens became the center of Greek philosophy Utana development till the 2nd century BC.
The thinking, the reality is not one, but consists of many elements and can not be divided, that atom. This atom as the smallest part of the material of the material so it can not be seen and the number is not infinite.
About the formation of the world (cosmos), atoms of different shapes intertwined, then driven by the tornado. The more atoms that move will lead to the center of the motion of atoms (atoms are solid) which is referred to reality as a whole is a mixture containing all the seeds. In each object contains the seed. Our senses can not see all the seeds in it. Could only see the seeds were dominant. For example, we see gold (the gold seemingly, because yellow is dominant), although other seeds such as silver, iron, copper contained therein.
Thoughts on nus, that what is proposed by Empedocles of love and hate that led to the merger and divorce, then Anaxagros suggests that caused the seeds into the cosmos is nus, which means spirit or reason, not mixed with the seeds and separate from all object. Therefore ajrannya about this nus Anaxagoras for the first time in the philosophy known as the differences between the physical and the spiritual.
10. Democritos (460-370 BC)He was born in the coastal city of Abdera in Thrace in northern Greece. Since he comes from a wealthy family, then by the wealth he traveled to Egypt and other Eastern -negeri country. Of his works he has left as many as 70 essays on bernacam-wide issues such as, cosmology, mathematics, astronomy, logic, ethics, engineering, machinery, poetry and others. So that it is viewed as a scholar who mastered many fields.
Thoughts, that reality is not one, but consists of many elements and infinite in number. These elements are part of matter which is not dapt divided again. The element is said to be derived from a single atom from the others because it is not used and can not be destroyed, unchanging and quality.
In his opinion, the atoms are always moving, it means that there must be an empty space. Because the atom can only move and occupy one place. So Democratos found that there are two realities, namely: the atom itself (adherent) and the space where the atoms move (empty).
Democritos also distinguish the two kinds of knowledge, namely a false sense of knowledge and knowledge of the real favor. "He said there are two knowledge, real knowledge and knowledge that is not true. As for which no sebenanya is sight, smell, taste ".
CHAPTER III CLOSING
CONCLUSIONBirth of thinking Western philosophy beginning in the 6th century BC, which is preceded by the collapse of myths and fairy tales that have been the justification for every natural phenomena. Greeks who lived in the 6th century BC has a belief system that everything should be accepted as something that originates in myths or fables. In the history of philosophy biasanay Greek philosophy promoted as the base of the history of western philosophy, because the western world (Erofa West) in the realm of mind stems to Greek thought.
At that time there were explanations about the universe as well as the occupants, but this description is based on trust. Experts think tidka satisfied with the information and try to find information through budinya. They ask and find the answer whether it is actually natural. A prominent feature of Ancient Greek Philosophy at the beginning of its birth is showed attention mainly on observation of cosmic and physical symptoms as an effort to find an (arche) which is an element of the onset of symptoms.
There are three factors that make this Greek philosophy was born, namely:a) Greek nation that is rich in myth (fairy tale).b) Literary works greek dapt regarded as the driving birth of Greek philosophy.c) Effect of sciences of Babylon (Egypt) in the valley of the Nile.Figures at the time of Ancient Greece, among others, namely:1) Thales (625-545 BC) 8) Empledoces (490-435 BC)2) Anaxagoras (± 499-20 BC) 9) Anaximander (640-546 BC)3) Democritos (460-370 BC) 10) Zeno (490-430 BC)4) Pythagoras (± 572-497 BC)5) Xenophanes (570 -? SM)6) Heraclitos (535-475 BC)7) Parmenides (540-475 BC)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Muzairi, M.Ag, Public Philosophy, (Yogyakarta: Terrace, 2009).IRPoedjawijatna, Advisor to the Direction of Natural Philosophy, (Jakarta: PT DEVELOPMENT, 1980).
Prof. DR. Akhmad Tafsir, GENERAL PHILOSOPHY Mind and Heart From Thales to Capra, (Bandung: PT TEEN Rosdakarya, 2000), Revised Edition, p. Prof. DR. Akhmad Tafsir, GENERAL PHILOSOPHY Mind and Heart From Thales to Capra, (Bandung: PT TEEN Rosdakarya, 2000)Gie, Liang, Introduction GENERAL PHILOSOPHY, (Yogyakarta: LIBERTY, 1999).Drs. Mustansyir, Rizal, Drs. Munir, Misnal, PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE, (Yogyakarta: STUDENT LITERATURE, 2003).Adib, Muhammad, PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE ontology, epistimologi, SCIENCE AND LOGIC, (Yogyakarta: STUDENT LITERATURE, 2010).THE Liang Gie, a concept to the Direction Control Field of Philosophy, (Yogyakarta: Karya Kencana, 1979).
A. BACKGROUNDSupervisor to philosophy would not be complete without a word about the development of philosophy throughout history. History of philosophy is the philosophy of scientific investigations concerning the development of the entire human race in history. Thus, the history of philosophy was not yet "philosophy", the history of philosophy is simply "history" Talking about the birth and development of philosophy in the early birth can not be separated from the development of (science) during the emergence of the knowledge of ancient civilizations (Greek time). In the history of philosophy biasanay Greek philosophy promoted as the base of the history of western philosophy, because the western world (Erofa West) in the realm of mind stems to Greek thought. At that time there were explanations about the universe as well as the occupants, but this description is based on trust. Experts think tidka satisfied with the information and try to find information through budinya.Often the problems of philosophy can only be understood when seen from the development of its history. Experts great as Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Immanuel Kant it can only be understood from the streams that preceded them. One stream which is usually a reaction or syintetis from other streams. Philosophy and Science, known in the Western world comes from the era Today
B. FORMULATION PROBLEMTo find out how philosophy can be born and grow up today, it is good we know the history of the emergence That philosophy, Philosophy and Science, known in the Western world Today is derived from Ancient Greece, for that we try to examine more deeply about the history of Philosophy Ancient Greece The.
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
GREEK HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Greeks who lived in the 6th century BC has a belief system that everything should be accepted as something that originates in myths or fables. That is a truth through reason thought (logical) does not apply, which applies only truth that comes from myths (fables).After the 6th century BC appeared a number of experts think that opposes the myth. They want any questions about the universe's wife, the answer is an acceptable reason (rational). Such circumstances as a demitiologi, it means a revival of the idea of using the mind-set and leave the things that are mitologi.upaya experts thought to lead to a freedom of thought, then a lot of people trying to create a concept that is based on the power of reason thought it pure, there arises a miraculous event The Greek Miracle which means it can be used as the basis of the civilized world.The perpetrator is reasonable and his philosophy is the heart. The opposition between reason and the heart that is basically the contents of the history of philosophy. In the history of philosophy seem reasonable never won, never losing heart had triumphed, also never lost, never both together also a win-win. Among them, in history, there has been a scramble pergugumulan dominance in controlling human life.What is meant by the logical mind here is the mind which is housed in the head, while the heart is a sense that roughly housed in dada.akal pengethauan logical that resulted in the so-called philosophy, while the heart is basically produce knowledge supralogis called mystical knowledge, faith including here. Greek philosophy is a common feature of rationalism which culminated in the sophists.In the history of philosophy biasanay Greek philosophy promoted as the base of the history of western philosophy, because the western world (Erofa West) in the realm of mind stems to Greek thought. At that time there were explanations about the universe as well as the occupants, but this description is based on trust. Experts think tidka satisfied with the information and try to find information through budinya. They ask and find the answer whether it is actually natural. What essence? Colorful ynag may exist in nature may be sent back to that one. They are looking for a natural core, with the term: they are looking for natural arche (arch 'in the Greek language, which means beginning, origin). [3]There are three factors that make this Greek philosophy was born, namely:1. Nation-rich Greek myth (fairy tale), in which the myth is considered as the beginning of the undertakings people to know or understand. The myths are then arranged systematically for a while seem rational that appears selective and rational myths, such as the poem Homer, Orpheus and others.2. The Greek literary work which is regarded as the driving birth dapt Greek philosophy, Homerous work has a very important position to guide the lives of those that contain the Greek educational values.3. Effect of sciences of Babylon (Egypt) in the valley of the Nile, then thanks to the ability and skill sciences were developed so that they learn not didasrkan on practical aspects, but also the theoretical aspects of the creative.Given these three factors, the position shifted by the myth of logos (reason), so that after the shift in philosophy was born.
This ancient Greek period, commonly called the period of natural philosophy. Say so, because in this period is characterized by the emergence of the experts think of nature, where the direction and attention to what thoughts were observed sekitarnya.mereka make questions about natural phenomena that are philosophical (by reason think) and not based on myth. They are looking for the first principle of the universe (arche) that are absolute, which is behind everything completely changed.
Greek philosophical thinkers who first came from Miletus, a Greek colony located on the coast of Asia Minor. They are in awe of nature that by nuances and rituals and trying to find answers ynag bag what is behind all of that material.
1. Thales (625-545 BC)Thales name appears on the narrative sejarawanHerodatus in the 5th century BC. Thales as one of the seven wise (Seven Wise Men of Greece). Aristotle gave the title The Father of Filoshopy.juga a technical advisor to 21 cities lonia. One of the major services is to predict the solar eclipse in 585 BC.Thales believes that the first basic nature or essence is water.Thales develops natural philosophy cosmology that questioned the origin, nature and structure of the universe Daria composition. As scientists at that time he studied magnetism and electricity that is the subject matter of physics. Also developed astronomy and mathematics to express their opinions, that the moon shines because it reflects sunlight. Thus, Thales is a mathematician of the first and jugaThe Father of deductive reasoning (father of deductive reasoning).
In the history of mathematics, Thales is regarded as a pioneer of abstract geometry based on the instructions flood gauge, which is implemented with the postulates of geometry proves that one of them: that both base angles of an isosceles triangle is equal besarnya.Walaupun -pandangan view Thales benyak less obviously, but his opinion is the first experiment sanagt still simple to use ratio (the mind)
2. Anaximander (640-546 BC)Anaximander was the first to invent a treaty in Greek literature and contributed in the fields of astronomy, geography, so he was the first person to create a map bumi.ia successfully led a group of people who create new cities in Apollonia, Yuanani.
Anaximander said that the first base is a substance that is not certain of its properties, which dinami to apeiron.adapun Anaximenes (590-528) says that the essence of nature or essentially first is udara.karena udaralah ynag covering the whole of nature and the air precisely what makes basic life for man mat required by breathing.
Anaximander tried to explain that the first substance is eternal and existing by itself (Mayer, 1950: 19) .anaximander menagatakan the air. Air is the source of all life, thus the reason.
3. Pythagoras (± 572-497 BC)Regarding the events of his life, he was born on the island of Samos, Lonia.tanggal and the year is not known for sure. He also did not leave writings so what you need to know Pythagoras needed testimonies. According Aristoxenos a pupil of Aristotle, Pythagoras moved to the city of Kroton, southern Italy because it does not agree with Polykrates tyrannical government. In this city he founded a religious school, for 20 years in Kroton, then moved to Metapontion and died in this city.
Thoughts, the substance of all the objects are numbers and all natural phenomena is a sensory expression of mathematical comparisons. Numbers are the essence POKO basis of the properties of objects (Number rules the universe = numbers govern the universe) .pemikirannya about numbers, he suggested that every elementary number from 1 to 10 have the power and meaning of their own. One is the origin of everything ten, and ten is the perfect number. Numbers odd (odd) is more perfect than an even number and is identical to the finite (limited). One of the followers of Pythagoras say that god adlah number seven, the soul was number six, the agency was number four.
Pythagoras also there is little human philosophize, he expressed the opinion that in humans is something that is not physical and that can not be dead, which still continues to exist, if the man was gone. According to Pythagoras human has a soul and that soul is now convicted and imprisoned in the body. Therefore, humans must membershkan themselves to release him from confinement and thus it can he get into happiness.Mengataka Pythagoras the first time that the universe is an orderly whole, something harmonious as in music. So he is also known as a mathematician and also a music expert. He found dapt harmony is achieved by combining opposite things, such as:• Limited - unlimited• Odd even• One - a lot• Male Female
Silence - motion• Etcaccording to the Pythagorean wisdom which is really only owned by the Lord, therefore he did not want to be called as a wise as Thales, but called himself philosopos is the creator of wisdom. Then it is the one used as a literal translation dalah Philosofia the love of wisdom or kebjaksanaan so until now etymologically and short simple philosophy can be defined as the love of wisdom or wisdom (Love of Wisdom).
4. Xenophanes (570 -? SM)Xenophanes was born in Xolophon, Asia Minor. At the age of 25 years he wandered into Greece. He is more correct to say as a poet than a thinker (philosopher), because he has the power of critical reasoning that studies the philosophical thinking at the time tu. His name is well known menjdai arena for the first time he asked the assumption that the conflict between the philosophical (rational) with myth.
Yan opinion contained in criticism of Homer and Herodotus, he denied the existence of antromorfosisme Gods, namely God diganbarkan as (as if) man. Because humans always have the tendency to think and others. He also denied that God is eternal and has no beginning. He also rejected the notion that God has banayk and emphasize quantity over keeasaan God. This criticism addressed to the old assumptions are based on mythology.5. Heraclitos (535-475 BC)Heraclitos born in Ephesus, a colony in Asia Minor and is a friend of Pythagoras and Xenophanes, but he was older. He got his nickname due to browse through the dark thoughts of motion is very difficult. Only by looking at the fragments, he has the impression of a high heart and arrogant, so he is denouncing the majority of people to say nasty and stupid, also denounced people who really prominent in Greece.Thought philosophy menjdai famous philosophy. He argues that everything (there was) was to be and always changing. So that the famous words: Panta Rhei uden MENCI kai, which means everything is flowing like a stream and tudak single person who can get into the river twice. Alsannya, first because the river water has flowed, changing the water yan is in belakanganya. Likewise, all that exists, nothing is fixed, everything changed. Finally it is said that the essence of all things is to be, then philosophy is said to be the philosophy.
According Heraclitos this universe sealu preformance circumstances change, something cold turns into heat, the heat turned cold. That means we are to understand the life of the cosmos, we Meati realize that life is dynamic cosmos. Cosmos that never stops (silence), he is always moving, and moving means change. The motion was generating resistance-resistance. that is why he came to kongkulasi that are fundamental in the universe is not baha (stuff) was as questionable by the philosopher who first, but the process (Warner, 1961: 28). Revelation "all flow" means that all change is not a simple pernayatan. The implication of the statement is very great. And tu implies that truth seallau changed, not fixed. Understanding fair on this day is not necessarily true tomorrow. Today the 2 x 2 = 4, but tomorrow may also not four. This view is a base color flsafat sophism.
In his opinion, in the natural arche contained living thing (like spirit) are referred to as logos (reason or some kind of revelation). Logos is what controls simultaneously controlling the existence of everything. Human life will be saved in accordance with logos.
6. Parmenides (540-475 BC)Parmenides was born in the city of Elea, Greek colony in southern Italy, Arena. He was born in Elea, the adherents were called Elea. Heraclitos same greatness with greatness. He was the first to think about the nature of existing (being).
Parmanides is one of the characters relativusme important. Logikawan said to be the first in the history of philosophy, and even can be called the first philosopher in the modern sense. The system as a whole was based on logical dedukasi, unlike Heraclitos, for example, that using intuition. Turns plato appreciates the Parmenides method. And Plato took more than Parmenides compared with its predecessor from other philosophers.
He found only pnegetahuan ynag fixed and general about one sajlaah (cultivation of knowledge) that can be trusted. Cultivation of knowledge that can be trusted, if it is true then he sesuailah with reality. Therefore, that is not the reality of a changing and moving as well as switching and sundry, but that remains. But the reality is not there. This is in contrast to the opinion of Heraclitos namely that reality is motion and change.
In the way of Truth Parmanides ask: What is the standard of truth and reality of what size? How can it be understood? he replied: size is consistent logic. Example. There are three ways of thinking about God: first there was, second to none, and third and no. The truth is that there is (1) it is impossible to believe that no (2) as there because ayng there must be no. That (3) is not possible because God may not exist and at the same time does not exist. So, whether or not an opinion as measured by logic. This is where the problem arises. An extreme form of that statement is that the measure of truth is the human mind.
That there is (being) exists, that there can not disappear into nothing, and that there may not appear to be there, which is not there, so can not be considered. Which can be thought is simply that there are only while nothing can not be contemplated. So, that is (being) the one, common, fixed and can not be divided. Because the existing divide or childbirth would cause a lot there, and it does not mungkin.yang exist and can not be used as musnah.yang are in every place, therefore there is no empty space, then beyond that there is still something else.
7. Zeno (± 490-430 BC)Zeno was born in Elea, and a pupil of Parmenides. As a student he steadfastly persevering teacher teaching by providing argumentation well so that later he was regarded as the foundation stone of the dialectic.
According to Aristotle, Zeno was the one who found the dialectic is an argument which starts from an assumption ayau hypothesis, and from the hypothesis drawn a conclusion. Against opponents-opponents conclusions proposed by Zeno of a given hypothesis is a conclusion that is impossible, so it is evident that the hypothesis is wrong.
For example, in the hypothesis put forward to oppose the motion:a. The arrow released from a bow as a thing that does not move, because at any time the arrow stopped at a certain place. Then, from where they move somewhere else stops and so on .. it is said to be missed darts to arrive at the destination, meaning a trip to the arrow is actually a collection stops-stops arrows.b. Achilles ran the famous rooster in mythology Yunanitdak can win against kura0kura, because turtles berangat before Achilles, so Achileslebih first have to pass through or reach a point where the where the turtles are at berangkat.setelah Archles when he was at a point, kura- The tortoise has been even further so that the distance between Achiles and turtles always decrease but idak inexhaustible.Zeno's argument during the 20th century can not be solved over the logically. Can only be solved after the mathematician makes sense the limit of an infinite series.
8. Empedocles (490-435 BC)Born in Akragos, the island of Sicily, he was heavily influenced by the teachings and religious sects refisme Ptagorean. He is proficient in the fields of medicine, poet rhetoric, politics and thinkers. He wrote his works in the form of poetry, like Parmenides.
In his book on natural Empedocles said that in fact there was nothing to be and lost, he follows Parmenides. The difference in the whole state was none other than the mixture and incorporation of elements (rizomata): water. Air. Fire, and atnah. The fourth element is what is the final basis of everything. This merger prosese maintained by two opposing forces, namely love and hate. Because love it at first keempt these elements are arranged in balance, while the hate which pull apart the original keseimabangan it. Love then take action and restore the semula.tetapi divorced scattered again by hate. Penegtahuan none other than a merger process: as belonging to the land, we know the ground, incorporated with water kta out for water.
Thus, the events in the universe, elements of love and hate always accompanies. Also, the process of merging and divorce is valid for bearing children living creatures. Sedangakn single human being is composed of four elements (fire, air, soil and water) also will recognize the four elements. This is because the theory proposed by Empedocles pnegenalan same that recognize the same.
9. Anaxagoras (± 499-20 BC)He was born in the city Klazomenai, Lonia, then settled in Athens for 30 years. Anaxagoras was the first thinker who lives in Athens, where dikemudia day inlah Athens became the center of Greek philosophy Utana development till the 2nd century BC.
The thinking, the reality is not one, but consists of many elements and can not be divided, that atom. This atom as the smallest part of the material of the material so it can not be seen and the number is not infinite.
About the formation of the world (cosmos), atoms of different shapes intertwined, then driven by the tornado. The more atoms that move will lead to the center of the motion of atoms (atoms are solid) which is referred to reality as a whole is a mixture containing all the seeds. In each object contains the seed. Our senses can not see all the seeds in it. Could only see the seeds were dominant. For example, we see gold (the gold seemingly, because yellow is dominant), although other seeds such as silver, iron, copper contained therein.
Thoughts on nus, that what is proposed by Empedocles of love and hate that led to the merger and divorce, then Anaxagros suggests that caused the seeds into the cosmos is nus, which means spirit or reason, not mixed with the seeds and separate from all object. Therefore ajrannya about this nus Anaxagoras for the first time in the philosophy known as the differences between the physical and the spiritual.
10. Democritos (460-370 BC)He was born in the coastal city of Abdera in Thrace in northern Greece. Since he comes from a wealthy family, then by the wealth he traveled to Egypt and other Eastern -negeri country. Of his works he has left as many as 70 essays on bernacam-wide issues such as, cosmology, mathematics, astronomy, logic, ethics, engineering, machinery, poetry and others. So that it is viewed as a scholar who mastered many fields.
Thoughts, that reality is not one, but consists of many elements and infinite in number. These elements are part of matter which is not dapt divided again. The element is said to be derived from a single atom from the others because it is not used and can not be destroyed, unchanging and quality.
In his opinion, the atoms are always moving, it means that there must be an empty space. Because the atom can only move and occupy one place. So Democratos found that there are two realities, namely: the atom itself (adherent) and the space where the atoms move (empty).
Democritos also distinguish the two kinds of knowledge, namely a false sense of knowledge and knowledge of the real favor. "He said there are two knowledge, real knowledge and knowledge that is not true. As for which no sebenanya is sight, smell, taste ".
CHAPTER III CLOSING
CONCLUSIONBirth of thinking Western philosophy beginning in the 6th century BC, which is preceded by the collapse of myths and fairy tales that have been the justification for every natural phenomena. Greeks who lived in the 6th century BC has a belief system that everything should be accepted as something that originates in myths or fables. In the history of philosophy biasanay Greek philosophy promoted as the base of the history of western philosophy, because the western world (Erofa West) in the realm of mind stems to Greek thought.
At that time there were explanations about the universe as well as the occupants, but this description is based on trust. Experts think tidka satisfied with the information and try to find information through budinya. They ask and find the answer whether it is actually natural. A prominent feature of Ancient Greek Philosophy at the beginning of its birth is showed attention mainly on observation of cosmic and physical symptoms as an effort to find an (arche) which is an element of the onset of symptoms.
There are three factors that make this Greek philosophy was born, namely:a) Greek nation that is rich in myth (fairy tale).b) Literary works greek dapt regarded as the driving birth of Greek philosophy.c) Effect of sciences of Babylon (Egypt) in the valley of the Nile.Figures at the time of Ancient Greece, among others, namely:1) Thales (625-545 BC) 8) Empledoces (490-435 BC)2) Anaxagoras (± 499-20 BC) 9) Anaximander (640-546 BC)3) Democritos (460-370 BC) 10) Zeno (490-430 BC)4) Pythagoras (± 572-497 BC)5) Xenophanes (570 -? SM)6) Heraclitos (535-475 BC)7) Parmenides (540-475 BC)
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Prof. DR. Akhmad Tafsir, GENERAL PHILOSOPHY Mind and Heart From Thales to Capra, (Bandung: PT TEEN Rosdakarya, 2000), Revised Edition, p. Prof. DR. Akhmad Tafsir, GENERAL PHILOSOPHY Mind and Heart From Thales to Capra, (Bandung: PT TEEN Rosdakarya, 2000)Gie, Liang, Introduction GENERAL PHILOSOPHY, (Yogyakarta: LIBERTY, 1999).Drs. Mustansyir, Rizal, Drs. Munir, Misnal, PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE, (Yogyakarta: STUDENT LITERATURE, 2003).Adib, Muhammad, PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE ontology, epistimologi, SCIENCE AND LOGIC, (Yogyakarta: STUDENT LITERATURE, 2010).THE Liang Gie, a concept to the Direction Control Field of Philosophy, (Yogyakarta: Karya Kencana, 1979).
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