PART I PRELIMINARYA.
BACKGROUND
The contemporary world shows logical organization increasingly complex to understand and paradoxical effects on the individual: it feels increasingly subject to logic, but also free to interpret, express and build their own individuality, rather than in the past. The problems faced by citizens both locally and globally is the theoretical formulation in a number of core philosophy that raises new issues clear and profound. And this limitation is not a reflection of reality but is essentially a dialogue between past and present in an attempt to outline the future. Thus, contemporary philosophy includesrereading, reinterpretation, transformations and recreation that is us as humans from the earliest times until our present history. Genealogy of our present allows us to advance, so in the search for additional and new ways of thinking. The specialization in Contemporary Philosophy is a privileged space as possible to tackle some of the major debates and contemporary problems through the minds of the most influential philosophers in contemporary times.B. PROBLEM
Based on the above background, this paper-making formula is as follows:1. Is it a philosophy?2. What are the limits of modern-contemporary?3. How arat and contemporary philosophy in Islam?4. Who figures - figures kotemporer philosophy?C. OBJECTIVES
In this simple paper, the authors will attempt to describe contemporary philosophy in the West and Islam. Descriptively explained multiple streams / sects of philosophy and philosophers, as well as his thoughts. How does this impact on Islam in the contemporary era, a period of revival? With the hope of a simple description is to serve as a motivation towards renewal.CHAPTER II DISCUSSIONA. Understanding Philosophy, etymologically a loan word from Greek, Philoshopia, which means 'Philo' is love, while 'shopia' means wisdom or wisdom. So can we draw conclusions, love the wisdom that is the philosophy of science. However, when we look from a practical standpoint, it means that the mind or nature to think, philosophize means to think deeply and seriously. Being the word "contemporary" itself has a very close correlation with the "modern". Two words that have no future with certainty fragment. "Contemporary" is contemporary, at the same time and the present. Semenatara "modern" was now already past, but is relevansif until now. Because there is no permanence in kontemperer era, modern elapsed from the present moment can not be called contemporary. Contemporary philosophy can also be interpreted in that way, that way of looking and thinking deeply concerning life during this time. This contemporary philosophy often associated with postmodernism, because postmodernism which means "after modern" is a logical result of the contemporary era. Postmodernism presupposes freedom, and do not always have to be symmetrical. Examples of postmodern art building not too concerned with aspects of the balance in the form of the building, but pleased that construct or the corresponding request. Returning again to the idea of contemporary art moved from earlier buildings, as well as the contemporary philosophical thought is free. Freedom in using theory, respond to, and criticized for the freedom of an original thing. Therefore, contemporary philosophy is an extension of human thought from common things become very specific and related to other special things.B. Flow of Thought of Contemporary Western Philosophy. In the era of "modern" Western nations -dilewati post Immanuel Kant, two and a half centuries ago the western nations live with the concept of a new value system, socio-cultural structure is the same, with previous pre-requisite Rational, also with original characteristics. As far as relevant contemporary western philosophical thought periodically, there are several schools of thought dominant lively. First, the typology of structuralism. This typology focuses on society as a system, where certain phenomena-fenommena describe "a complete social reality.", Or the foundation of epistemology (canguilhen) will shift the core discussion of essentialist thinking about society and knowledge to the discourse that sees it as ciri- structural characteristics of this phenomenon, either differential or relational characteristics. This typology is represented by Gaston Bachelard, an epistemological, philosophers of science and teoritisasi about imagination. He was a key figure of the generation of structuralist and post-srukturalis in the postwar era. George Canguilhem, a pioneer of the philosophy of knowledge, rationality and of the concept-philosophy of the foundation is more viscous. Furthermore, the father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939 AD) is a highly controversial figure with the hypothesis that a very terrible. Especially for the theologians who saw Freud just as atheists, materialists. In addition to the above thinkers, still can be encountered thinkers such as al-Thuser (1918-1990 AD), Pierre Bourdieu (1930-1982 AD), Jacques Lacan (1901 AD) second typology, Post-structuralism. In this phase, the thought tinged with varieties of understanding in various aspects, as well as reviewing the article as a source of subjectivity and culture paradoxical, once a thing is secondary. Dissatisfaction with certain presuppositions about the subjectivity and language (eg, prioritizing speech than writing) will require the emergence of this idea. This typology is represented by Nietzsche (1844-1900 AD), the principle of which is proposed as a coherent and fundamental truth, variegated fact and appearance is to be idealistic. Next is Michel Foucault (1926-1984 AD), a historian, psychologist and sexolog the most brilliant of his time. The third typology, Post-Marxism. This typology is a further elaboration of Marxism with the character and patterns of thought are very different. They use Marx's critique to develop a strategy that actually leads to a 'modern capitalism'. The philosophers who have a tendency to think of post-Marxism are thinkers like Hannah Arendt, Jurgen Habermas and Theodor Adorno.C. Flow Philosophy of Contemporary Islamic Thought. Philosophy in the Islamic world is the seed of renewal, although the results of assimilation of foreign culture. But unfortunately never breathe long. In the eastern Islamic world, philosophy disappeared for services Hujjatul Islam al-Imam al-Ghozali, with his book al-Falasifah Tahafut. Being in the western Islamic world, the death of philosophy after the death of Ibn Rushd (1198 AD) ended the Peripatetic filssafat influence. After this, the philosophy is geographically moved to Negri Mullahs, Iran, as a result of the influence of Greek and Hindu metaphysics. Then we can know Arabim Ibn al-Hallaj, and Suhrawardi al-Maqtul as warriors renowned Persian gnostic philosophy. Then Islam experienced a period of scholastic (darkness) that lasted less than two centuries. Infasi Islam awakened by Napoleon Bonaparte in Egypt in 1798, followed by the establishment of the country-independent country in the name of nationalism. While the Ottoman dynasty as a representation of the power of Islam at that time, had been paralyzed and undermined the outside-in. The arrival of Napoleon is the starting point of the renewal of the Arab-Islamic thought. Then came another reconstructive thinkers such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh. They agreed to combat underdevelopment and colonialism that is based on the rationalist interpretations of the verses of God. Motion radical western thought that pinned Immanuel Kant as the culmination of the modernization of philosophy to carve a wide range of considerations humanist-rationalist who should not be arbitrarily dialienasikan, let alone assessed as a modern form of colonialism over the Islamic world. Feminism, rationalism and modernism are the facts of struggle scholars who seek to issue a treasury of Islamic thought from the stagnation period in which the scholastic religion, lapukan historical and scientific literature has become God. Ideology described by al-Jabri on the Arab-Islamic world still understood literally and gave birth to antipathy towards the development of Western thought. Angan mythological or mysticism that have plagued the Islamic modernism is only fitting then put dihancurlantakkan inclusive attitude as a bridge renewal.D. Pilar Pilar Contemporary Philosophy Philosophy has spawned an appreciation and a great response in the history of thought and raises pillars - the pillars of Contemporary Philosophy. The first pillar is ethics, which is the result of reflection morality which then spawned schools of philosophy developed by philosophers. In understanding ethics as a doctrine of the art of living, or putting a happiness to the center of ethics (Aristotle), and then this thought direligiuskan by Thomas Aquinas. And Immanuel Kant makes ethics which was originally the art of living becomes ethical obligations, and this gave birth to the central concept of modern ethics, namely the concept of moral autonomy. This thinking further, later developed by George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and combined with the theory of dialectics. The second pillar is the phenomenology, with the central figure hussel Edmund (1859-1938) phenomenology is one of the most influential currents of thought in the 20th century. In general phenomenology phenomenon born of the issues that were brought to public space --pertama kali-- by Hegel with absolute spirit. Husserl then defines phenomenology as the science of appearances (phenomena), and for Husserl talks about the essence of existence is outside working in vain, and it is this which distinguishes phenomenology of Husserl with fenomenologinya Hegel and Kant. The philosophers were influenced by phenomenology is Derrida, Kierkegard, Cascirer. The third pillar is eksisitensialisme. Existentialism is no longer discuss the questions the essence and nature, but rather emphasize issues surrounding existence. An existentialist philosophers, such as Sartre, worked hard on issues of essence and existence, which later led to a thesis that "existence precedes essence". And this reverse thinking tradition of Western philosophy since Plato, who always said that existence precedes essence. The fourth pillar is the philosophy of culture. When seen from a philosophical standpoint will bear subjective and objective dimensions. Where is the power of subjective dimension that makes the product (nature) becomes a better product, while the objective dimension is the result of power activities earlier.CHAPTER III CLOSINGCONCLUSION kotemporer Philosophy is a philosophy that occur at the present time or is happening at the moment that is not bound by the rules of the rules of the past and develop in accordance with today. So contemporary is not the same as modern, as modern is the present that is past. After the era of modern or post Immanuel Kant, appeared philosophical stream flow kotemporer including structuralism typology, typology Post-structuralism, post-Marxism typology. Arab Islamic philosophy bankit after the arrival of colonialist - imperialist in the Middle East region, with metransformasikan philosophy of western philosophy to Egypt in particular. Reflection of morality that spawned flow created alira philosophy of the pillars of philosophy is ethics, phenomenology, existentialism, the philosophy of culture and hermeneutics.A list of the REFERENCES1. Donny Gahral Adian, pillars Contemporary Philosophy, Jalasutra, Yogyakarta, Edition: First, in 2002.Russell, B. 1911. Russell, B. 1911. "Le realism analytique", Bulletin de la Société française de "Le analytique realism", Bulletin de la Société de francaisePART I PRELIMINARYA. BackgroundTradition of Western thought today is a paradigm for the development of Western culture with the implication that a very broad and deep in all facets of our entire lives. West pemkiran understand tradition as reflected in a philosophical view ke'arifan its own, because we will be able to track the positive aspects that deserve us to imitate and find negative sides we do not imitate.Viewed from the angle of history, Western philosophy has four periodization. This periodicity is based on patterns of thought dominant at this time. First, it is ancient Greece. Second, is the medieval era. Third, is the Modern Ages, the philosopher of this age made man as the center of philosophical analysis, the style of this era philosophy commonly called anthropocentric. Modern Western philosophy thus has a different complexion to the Middle Ages. The difference lies mainly in the political power and the authority of science. If the Middle Ages authority absolute power held by the Church to the dogma-dogma, then the Modern era authority that power lies in the ability of human reason itself. Modern humans at the time would not be bound by any authority, except by the powers that be in itself is reasonable. Binding power it is religion and church as well as a king with absolute political power. Fourth, is the Century Contemporary with the main features logosentris thought, meaning that the text becomes the central theme of discourse philosophy.B. Problem Formulation1. How the Modern Age Ages and figures as well as the flow of his thoughts?2. How Ages Period Contemporary and figures as well as the flow of his thoughts?C. Objective Problems1. In order for students to understand neighbor Ages Modern Age as well as his thoughts flow figures.2. In order for students to understand the Contemporary Age Ages neighbor and thoughts flow figures.CHAPTER II DISCUSSIONA. MODERN AGE (17-19 M)Undeniably, the age of modern philosophy has begun. Historically, the modern era began in the mid age crisis for two centuries (the 14th century and 15th) marked the emergence of the Renaissance movement. In the era of filsaat modern, which is then followed by the era of the philosophy of the 20th century, came the various schools of thought: rationalism, empiricism, criticism, idealism, positivism, Evolutionism, Materialism, Neo-Kantian, Pragmatism, Philosophy of Life, Phenomenology, Existentialism, and Neo -Thomisme. [1]Modern age marked by discoveries in the scientific field. The development of science in modern times indeed been initiated since the Renaissance. Such as Rene Descartes, a character known as the father of modern philosophy. Rene Descartes also an exact science discovery in science is a coordinate system consisting of two straight lines X and Y in the background field. Isac Newton's theory of gravity with its findings. Charles Darwin with his theory struggle for life. [2] JJ Thompson with the discovery of electrons. Here's an explanation glimpse of the philosophers-philosophers.1. Rene Descartes (1596-1650)Descartes was born in 1596 and died in 1650. Descartes is considered the founder of modern philosophy. He was also a mathematician and philosophers. His ambition is to start again philosophy, set on the basis of definite enough to support the building of knowledge which is not in doubt. As one participant ultimate in intellectual activity and scientific his time developing it fully appreciates the importance of methods and new discoveries when it appeared, and he realizes the challenge he advances in the ideas and assumptions Aristotelianism were entrenched. [3] Descartes also has a famous book in pure philosophy is Discourse de la Methode (1637) and Meditations (1642). These two books complement each other. In both these books he pours his famous method, the method of doubt Descartes (Cartesian Doubt). This method is often called Cagito Descartes, or methods Cogito alone.He knows that is not easy to convince the leaders of the Church that the basic philosophy must be the ratio (reason). Church leaders at that time remains convinced that the basic philosophy of faith must, as implied in the jargon of Anselm's credo ut intelligam it. To convince people that the basic philosophy must be reasonable, he compiled a very famous arguments. The arguments contained in the cogito method.To find a strong basis for philosophy, Descartes doubted the (first) everything that can be doubted. At first he tried to doubt everything that can be sensed, the actual object may not be in doubt. He doubted the existence of his own body. Doubt it became possible due to the experience of dreams, halusinansi, illusions, and also the experience with a spirit there that in fact it is not clear. In the dream as if a person experiences something that actually happened, just like a dream (in case). Similarly, in the experience of hallucinations, illusions and magical reality. When dreaming, it seems like not a dream. Who can guarantee guard time events (which we say as this case), as we are experiencing is the real events, so it is not a dream? There is no clear distinction between dream and wakefulness, as referred to by Rene Descartes. [4]2. Isac NewtonRole in modern science, especially his discoveries in three areas, namely the theory of gravity, the calculation of Calculus, and Optics. These three areas can be described (in Rizal Mustansyir, 19 960 in brief is as follows.a) Theory of Gravity is an advanced discussions regarding the matter of the movement that has been pioneered by Galileo and Keppler. Galileo studied the movement to a straight path. Keppler studied the movement of the closed path or elliptical. Gravity theory explains that the planet is not moving straight, but follows an elliptical trajectory, due to the influence of gravity, the force that always will arise if two objects close together. Gravity theory can explain all the trajectories of planets and moons, the influence of ebb and flow of ocean water, and other astronomical events. Newton's theory of gravity is used by experts for verification laboratories and the subsequent discovery of a new planet in the universe.b) The calculation of Calculus, namely the relationship between X and Y. If X increases, then Y will increase anyway, but under the terms of a fixed and regular. For example there are moves, the length of the distance depends on the speed per second and the length of time the movement. The derivation of this Calculus many benefits to calculate the various relationships between two or more things change, along with the provision of regular.c) Oprika or the light, when sunlight is passed a prism, then the original light that seems homogenous be biased between red to purple, into a rainbow. Then if it is passed a rainbow of other inverted prism, rainbow collected back into homogeneous light. Thus it can be proved that the light was actually made up of components that lie between red and purple. [5]3. Charles DarwinKnown as a fanatical evolutionists. Darwin claimed that the developments occurring in living organisms on Earth occurred because the selection is the famous alam.Teorinya struggle for life (struggle for life). Darwin argued that the struggle for life applies to every living creature similar collection because, although similar but still show minor abnormalities. Small living things with disabilities varies power to adjust itself to the environment. Living creatures who can adapt will have a greater chance to survive longer, while the less able to adapt will be excluded because of competition. Therefore, it can survive is the most superior (survival of the fittest). [6]4. Joseph John Thompson (1856 AD-1940 AD)Is a scientist with the research which led to the discovery of electrons. Thompson revealed that the gas is able to conduct electricity. He became someone pioneer of nuclear physics. He also discovered a method to separate types of atoms and molecules with different beam using a positive light.B. CONTEMPORARY AGES (20TH CENTURY AND BEYOND)Most thinkers of the 20th century once wrote about the language. [7] The task of philosophy is not to make statements about anything in particular, as to solve the problems arising from misunderstanding of the logic of language. The development of philosophy Abat 20th also marked by the emergence of various schools of philosophy, and most of the flow is a continuation of the schools of philosophy that have developed in the modern age, such as neo-Thomism, neo-Kantian, neo-Hegelianism, neo-Marxism , neo-positivism, and so on.However there are also new schools of philosophy with the characteristics and patterns are totally different as: phenomenology, existentialism, pragmatism, structuralism, and the most recent is the flow of postmodernism.The first figure was Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), as the founder of phenomenology, it has affected the philosophical thinking of the 20th century is profoundly. Phenomenology is the science (logos) about what appears (phinomenon). Phenomenology thus is the study of what it looks or what appeared or the phenomenon. [8]Ekstensialisme and phenomenology are two movements very closely and indicating additional rebellion against the methods and insights of western philosophy. One of the characters is a popular existentialism Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980), he distinguishes dialectical ratio with analytical ratios. Analytical ratios executed in science. Deakletis ratio should be used, if we think about people, history, and social life. This last ratio is diakletis, because there diakletis identity between being and knowledge, meaning that knowledge is a process that takes place in Ada. This ratio investigates diakletis because the object is diakletis and also because he himself is determined by its place in history. [9]Schools of philosophy of existentialism became fashionable philosophizing in the mid 20th century gets a reaction from the flow of structuralism. If existentialism explain the role of the individual, then structuralism actually see the man "trapped" in a variety of structure in his life. Broadly speaking there are two basic notion that is closely related to structuralism as a philosophical schools. Influential figures in the philosophical schools of structuralism is Michel Foucault (1926-1984).In the 20th century there were schools of philosophy of praxis influence in the world is big enough, the flow philosophy of pragmatism. Pragmatism is a philosophical movement of Americans who became famous during the last century. The flow of this philosophy is an attitude, a method and philosophy of taking practical consequences of mind and confidence as a measure to establish a truth value. [10] One of the figures is the pragmatism of William James (1842-1910).Among the special science discussed by the philosophers, physics occupies the highest position. According to Trout (in Rizal Mustansyir, et al., 2001) physics is seen as a basic science subject material contains fundamental elements that make up the universe. He also pointed out that historically the relationship between physics dengna philosophy is seen in two ways. First, a philosophical discussion about the methods of physics, and in the interaction between the view substantially on fiiska (eg on the material, power, concepts of space and time). Second, the traditional teaching of philosophy who answered the phenomena of the material, power, space, and time. Thus, from the beginning has been a close relationship between philosophy and physics.Renowned physicists of the 20th century is Albert Einstein. He stated that nature is finite and infinite magnitude, but also does not change the status of the totality or static over time. Einstein believed in the eternity of matter. This means that the universe is eternal, or in other words do not recognize the nature of creation. Besides theories about physics, the theory of the universe, and others, Contemporary Age is marked by the discovery of various advanced technologies. Communications and information technology, including one that is progressing very rapidly. Ranging from the invention of computers, various satellite communications, internet, and so on. Other fields are also progressing rapidly, resulting in ever-increasing specialization of science. Contemporary scientists know little thing, but in depth. Medical science is increasingly sharpened in specialists and subspecialists or super-specialists, as well as other disciplines. Besides the tendency towards specialization, another trend is the synthesis between science one another, so that it generates new disciplines like biotechnology which today is known as cloning technology. [11]CHAPTER IIICLOSINGA. ConclusionModern era started since the medieval times of crisis for two centuries (the 14th century and 15th) marked the emergence of the Renaissance movement. In modern times it appears different schools of thought that rationalism, empiricism, criticism etc. Modern era was also marked by the discoveries in the field of scientific and science. Many philosophers in modern times include: Rene Descartes (1596-1650), Isac Newton, Charles Darwin, Joseph John Thompson (1856-1940).While the contemporary era also marked by the emergence of various schools of philosophy, and most of the flow is a continuation of the schools of philosophy that have developed in the modern age, such as neo-Thomism, neo-Kantian, neo-Hegelianism, neo-Marxist, neo -positivisme, and so on. However, there are also new schools of philosophy with other traits and patterns such as: phenomenology, existentialism, pragmatism, structuralism and postmodernism.First, the main character is the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), as the founder of phenomenology. Phenomenology is the science (logos) about what appears (phinomenon). Phenomenology thus is the study of what it looks or what appeared or the phenomenon.Secondly, Ekstensialisme and popular figure was Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980), he distinguishes dialectical ratio with analytical ratios. Ekstensialisme and phenomenology are two movements very closely and indicating additional rebellion against the methods and insights of western philosophy.Third, structuralism with character Michael Foucault (1926-1984). If existentialism explain the role of the individual, then structuralism actually see the man "trapped" in a variety of structure in his life.[1] Asmoro Achmadi, Philosophy General, (Jakarta: Eagle Press, 2010) pp., 113-115.[2] Drs. Surajiyo, Philosophy of Science and Development in Indonesia (Jakarta: Earth Literacy, 2010) pp., 87.[3] Ilzamudin Ma'mur, Mufti Ali, Fifty World Moving philosopher, (Jakarta: King Grafindo Persada, 2001, cet. 1.) pp., 83.[4] Prof. Dr. Ahmad Tafsir, General Philosophy of Mind and Heart From Thales to Capra, (Bandung: PT Rosdakarya Offset, 1990, cet. 1) pp., 129-130.[5] op.cit., Pp., 87-88.[6] ibid., P., 89.[7] Drs. Rizal Mustansyir, Philosophy of Science, (Yogyakarta: Student Reader Offset, 2001, cet. 1.) pp., 89.[8] Ibid., P. 91.[9] Ibid., P. 93.[10] Ibid., P. 95.[11] Loc. Cit., P. 89.
The contemporary world shows logical organization increasingly complex to understand and paradoxical effects on the individual: it feels increasingly subject to logic, but also free to interpret, express and build their own individuality, rather than in the past. The problems faced by citizens both locally and globally is the theoretical formulation in a number of core philosophy that raises new issues clear and profound. And this limitation is not a reflection of reality but is essentially a dialogue between past and present in an attempt to outline the future. Thus, contemporary philosophy includesrereading, reinterpretation, transformations and recreation that is us as humans from the earliest times until our present history. Genealogy of our present allows us to advance, so in the search for additional and new ways of thinking. The specialization in Contemporary Philosophy is a privileged space as possible to tackle some of the major debates and contemporary problems through the minds of the most influential philosophers in contemporary times.B. PROBLEM
Based on the above background, this paper-making formula is as follows:1. Is it a philosophy?2. What are the limits of modern-contemporary?3. How arat and contemporary philosophy in Islam?4. Who figures - figures kotemporer philosophy?C. OBJECTIVES
In this simple paper, the authors will attempt to describe contemporary philosophy in the West and Islam. Descriptively explained multiple streams / sects of philosophy and philosophers, as well as his thoughts. How does this impact on Islam in the contemporary era, a period of revival? With the hope of a simple description is to serve as a motivation towards renewal.CHAPTER II DISCUSSIONA. Understanding Philosophy, etymologically a loan word from Greek, Philoshopia, which means 'Philo' is love, while 'shopia' means wisdom or wisdom. So can we draw conclusions, love the wisdom that is the philosophy of science. However, when we look from a practical standpoint, it means that the mind or nature to think, philosophize means to think deeply and seriously. Being the word "contemporary" itself has a very close correlation with the "modern". Two words that have no future with certainty fragment. "Contemporary" is contemporary, at the same time and the present. Semenatara "modern" was now already past, but is relevansif until now. Because there is no permanence in kontemperer era, modern elapsed from the present moment can not be called contemporary. Contemporary philosophy can also be interpreted in that way, that way of looking and thinking deeply concerning life during this time. This contemporary philosophy often associated with postmodernism, because postmodernism which means "after modern" is a logical result of the contemporary era. Postmodernism presupposes freedom, and do not always have to be symmetrical. Examples of postmodern art building not too concerned with aspects of the balance in the form of the building, but pleased that construct or the corresponding request. Returning again to the idea of contemporary art moved from earlier buildings, as well as the contemporary philosophical thought is free. Freedom in using theory, respond to, and criticized for the freedom of an original thing. Therefore, contemporary philosophy is an extension of human thought from common things become very specific and related to other special things.B. Flow of Thought of Contemporary Western Philosophy. In the era of "modern" Western nations -dilewati post Immanuel Kant, two and a half centuries ago the western nations live with the concept of a new value system, socio-cultural structure is the same, with previous pre-requisite Rational, also with original characteristics. As far as relevant contemporary western philosophical thought periodically, there are several schools of thought dominant lively. First, the typology of structuralism. This typology focuses on society as a system, where certain phenomena-fenommena describe "a complete social reality.", Or the foundation of epistemology (canguilhen) will shift the core discussion of essentialist thinking about society and knowledge to the discourse that sees it as ciri- structural characteristics of this phenomenon, either differential or relational characteristics. This typology is represented by Gaston Bachelard, an epistemological, philosophers of science and teoritisasi about imagination. He was a key figure of the generation of structuralist and post-srukturalis in the postwar era. George Canguilhem, a pioneer of the philosophy of knowledge, rationality and of the concept-philosophy of the foundation is more viscous. Furthermore, the father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939 AD) is a highly controversial figure with the hypothesis that a very terrible. Especially for the theologians who saw Freud just as atheists, materialists. In addition to the above thinkers, still can be encountered thinkers such as al-Thuser (1918-1990 AD), Pierre Bourdieu (1930-1982 AD), Jacques Lacan (1901 AD) second typology, Post-structuralism. In this phase, the thought tinged with varieties of understanding in various aspects, as well as reviewing the article as a source of subjectivity and culture paradoxical, once a thing is secondary. Dissatisfaction with certain presuppositions about the subjectivity and language (eg, prioritizing speech than writing) will require the emergence of this idea. This typology is represented by Nietzsche (1844-1900 AD), the principle of which is proposed as a coherent and fundamental truth, variegated fact and appearance is to be idealistic. Next is Michel Foucault (1926-1984 AD), a historian, psychologist and sexolog the most brilliant of his time. The third typology, Post-Marxism. This typology is a further elaboration of Marxism with the character and patterns of thought are very different. They use Marx's critique to develop a strategy that actually leads to a 'modern capitalism'. The philosophers who have a tendency to think of post-Marxism are thinkers like Hannah Arendt, Jurgen Habermas and Theodor Adorno.C. Flow Philosophy of Contemporary Islamic Thought. Philosophy in the Islamic world is the seed of renewal, although the results of assimilation of foreign culture. But unfortunately never breathe long. In the eastern Islamic world, philosophy disappeared for services Hujjatul Islam al-Imam al-Ghozali, with his book al-Falasifah Tahafut. Being in the western Islamic world, the death of philosophy after the death of Ibn Rushd (1198 AD) ended the Peripatetic filssafat influence. After this, the philosophy is geographically moved to Negri Mullahs, Iran, as a result of the influence of Greek and Hindu metaphysics. Then we can know Arabim Ibn al-Hallaj, and Suhrawardi al-Maqtul as warriors renowned Persian gnostic philosophy. Then Islam experienced a period of scholastic (darkness) that lasted less than two centuries. Infasi Islam awakened by Napoleon Bonaparte in Egypt in 1798, followed by the establishment of the country-independent country in the name of nationalism. While the Ottoman dynasty as a representation of the power of Islam at that time, had been paralyzed and undermined the outside-in. The arrival of Napoleon is the starting point of the renewal of the Arab-Islamic thought. Then came another reconstructive thinkers such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh. They agreed to combat underdevelopment and colonialism that is based on the rationalist interpretations of the verses of God. Motion radical western thought that pinned Immanuel Kant as the culmination of the modernization of philosophy to carve a wide range of considerations humanist-rationalist who should not be arbitrarily dialienasikan, let alone assessed as a modern form of colonialism over the Islamic world. Feminism, rationalism and modernism are the facts of struggle scholars who seek to issue a treasury of Islamic thought from the stagnation period in which the scholastic religion, lapukan historical and scientific literature has become God. Ideology described by al-Jabri on the Arab-Islamic world still understood literally and gave birth to antipathy towards the development of Western thought. Angan mythological or mysticism that have plagued the Islamic modernism is only fitting then put dihancurlantakkan inclusive attitude as a bridge renewal.D. Pilar Pilar Contemporary Philosophy Philosophy has spawned an appreciation and a great response in the history of thought and raises pillars - the pillars of Contemporary Philosophy. The first pillar is ethics, which is the result of reflection morality which then spawned schools of philosophy developed by philosophers. In understanding ethics as a doctrine of the art of living, or putting a happiness to the center of ethics (Aristotle), and then this thought direligiuskan by Thomas Aquinas. And Immanuel Kant makes ethics which was originally the art of living becomes ethical obligations, and this gave birth to the central concept of modern ethics, namely the concept of moral autonomy. This thinking further, later developed by George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and combined with the theory of dialectics. The second pillar is the phenomenology, with the central figure hussel Edmund (1859-1938) phenomenology is one of the most influential currents of thought in the 20th century. In general phenomenology phenomenon born of the issues that were brought to public space --pertama kali-- by Hegel with absolute spirit. Husserl then defines phenomenology as the science of appearances (phenomena), and for Husserl talks about the essence of existence is outside working in vain, and it is this which distinguishes phenomenology of Husserl with fenomenologinya Hegel and Kant. The philosophers were influenced by phenomenology is Derrida, Kierkegard, Cascirer. The third pillar is eksisitensialisme. Existentialism is no longer discuss the questions the essence and nature, but rather emphasize issues surrounding existence. An existentialist philosophers, such as Sartre, worked hard on issues of essence and existence, which later led to a thesis that "existence precedes essence". And this reverse thinking tradition of Western philosophy since Plato, who always said that existence precedes essence. The fourth pillar is the philosophy of culture. When seen from a philosophical standpoint will bear subjective and objective dimensions. Where is the power of subjective dimension that makes the product (nature) becomes a better product, while the objective dimension is the result of power activities earlier.CHAPTER III CLOSINGCONCLUSION kotemporer Philosophy is a philosophy that occur at the present time or is happening at the moment that is not bound by the rules of the rules of the past and develop in accordance with today. So contemporary is not the same as modern, as modern is the present that is past. After the era of modern or post Immanuel Kant, appeared philosophical stream flow kotemporer including structuralism typology, typology Post-structuralism, post-Marxism typology. Arab Islamic philosophy bankit after the arrival of colonialist - imperialist in the Middle East region, with metransformasikan philosophy of western philosophy to Egypt in particular. Reflection of morality that spawned flow created alira philosophy of the pillars of philosophy is ethics, phenomenology, existentialism, the philosophy of culture and hermeneutics.A list of the REFERENCES1. Donny Gahral Adian, pillars Contemporary Philosophy, Jalasutra, Yogyakarta, Edition: First, in 2002.Russell, B. 1911. Russell, B. 1911. "Le realism analytique", Bulletin de la Société française de "Le analytique realism", Bulletin de la Société de francaisePART I PRELIMINARYA. BackgroundTradition of Western thought today is a paradigm for the development of Western culture with the implication that a very broad and deep in all facets of our entire lives. West pemkiran understand tradition as reflected in a philosophical view ke'arifan its own, because we will be able to track the positive aspects that deserve us to imitate and find negative sides we do not imitate.Viewed from the angle of history, Western philosophy has four periodization. This periodicity is based on patterns of thought dominant at this time. First, it is ancient Greece. Second, is the medieval era. Third, is the Modern Ages, the philosopher of this age made man as the center of philosophical analysis, the style of this era philosophy commonly called anthropocentric. Modern Western philosophy thus has a different complexion to the Middle Ages. The difference lies mainly in the political power and the authority of science. If the Middle Ages authority absolute power held by the Church to the dogma-dogma, then the Modern era authority that power lies in the ability of human reason itself. Modern humans at the time would not be bound by any authority, except by the powers that be in itself is reasonable. Binding power it is religion and church as well as a king with absolute political power. Fourth, is the Century Contemporary with the main features logosentris thought, meaning that the text becomes the central theme of discourse philosophy.B. Problem Formulation1. How the Modern Age Ages and figures as well as the flow of his thoughts?2. How Ages Period Contemporary and figures as well as the flow of his thoughts?C. Objective Problems1. In order for students to understand neighbor Ages Modern Age as well as his thoughts flow figures.2. In order for students to understand the Contemporary Age Ages neighbor and thoughts flow figures.CHAPTER II DISCUSSIONA. MODERN AGE (17-19 M)Undeniably, the age of modern philosophy has begun. Historically, the modern era began in the mid age crisis for two centuries (the 14th century and 15th) marked the emergence of the Renaissance movement. In the era of filsaat modern, which is then followed by the era of the philosophy of the 20th century, came the various schools of thought: rationalism, empiricism, criticism, idealism, positivism, Evolutionism, Materialism, Neo-Kantian, Pragmatism, Philosophy of Life, Phenomenology, Existentialism, and Neo -Thomisme. [1]Modern age marked by discoveries in the scientific field. The development of science in modern times indeed been initiated since the Renaissance. Such as Rene Descartes, a character known as the father of modern philosophy. Rene Descartes also an exact science discovery in science is a coordinate system consisting of two straight lines X and Y in the background field. Isac Newton's theory of gravity with its findings. Charles Darwin with his theory struggle for life. [2] JJ Thompson with the discovery of electrons. Here's an explanation glimpse of the philosophers-philosophers.1. Rene Descartes (1596-1650)Descartes was born in 1596 and died in 1650. Descartes is considered the founder of modern philosophy. He was also a mathematician and philosophers. His ambition is to start again philosophy, set on the basis of definite enough to support the building of knowledge which is not in doubt. As one participant ultimate in intellectual activity and scientific his time developing it fully appreciates the importance of methods and new discoveries when it appeared, and he realizes the challenge he advances in the ideas and assumptions Aristotelianism were entrenched. [3] Descartes also has a famous book in pure philosophy is Discourse de la Methode (1637) and Meditations (1642). These two books complement each other. In both these books he pours his famous method, the method of doubt Descartes (Cartesian Doubt). This method is often called Cagito Descartes, or methods Cogito alone.He knows that is not easy to convince the leaders of the Church that the basic philosophy must be the ratio (reason). Church leaders at that time remains convinced that the basic philosophy of faith must, as implied in the jargon of Anselm's credo ut intelligam it. To convince people that the basic philosophy must be reasonable, he compiled a very famous arguments. The arguments contained in the cogito method.To find a strong basis for philosophy, Descartes doubted the (first) everything that can be doubted. At first he tried to doubt everything that can be sensed, the actual object may not be in doubt. He doubted the existence of his own body. Doubt it became possible due to the experience of dreams, halusinansi, illusions, and also the experience with a spirit there that in fact it is not clear. In the dream as if a person experiences something that actually happened, just like a dream (in case). Similarly, in the experience of hallucinations, illusions and magical reality. When dreaming, it seems like not a dream. Who can guarantee guard time events (which we say as this case), as we are experiencing is the real events, so it is not a dream? There is no clear distinction between dream and wakefulness, as referred to by Rene Descartes. [4]2. Isac NewtonRole in modern science, especially his discoveries in three areas, namely the theory of gravity, the calculation of Calculus, and Optics. These three areas can be described (in Rizal Mustansyir, 19 960 in brief is as follows.a) Theory of Gravity is an advanced discussions regarding the matter of the movement that has been pioneered by Galileo and Keppler. Galileo studied the movement to a straight path. Keppler studied the movement of the closed path or elliptical. Gravity theory explains that the planet is not moving straight, but follows an elliptical trajectory, due to the influence of gravity, the force that always will arise if two objects close together. Gravity theory can explain all the trajectories of planets and moons, the influence of ebb and flow of ocean water, and other astronomical events. Newton's theory of gravity is used by experts for verification laboratories and the subsequent discovery of a new planet in the universe.b) The calculation of Calculus, namely the relationship between X and Y. If X increases, then Y will increase anyway, but under the terms of a fixed and regular. For example there are moves, the length of the distance depends on the speed per second and the length of time the movement. The derivation of this Calculus many benefits to calculate the various relationships between two or more things change, along with the provision of regular.c) Oprika or the light, when sunlight is passed a prism, then the original light that seems homogenous be biased between red to purple, into a rainbow. Then if it is passed a rainbow of other inverted prism, rainbow collected back into homogeneous light. Thus it can be proved that the light was actually made up of components that lie between red and purple. [5]3. Charles DarwinKnown as a fanatical evolutionists. Darwin claimed that the developments occurring in living organisms on Earth occurred because the selection is the famous alam.Teorinya struggle for life (struggle for life). Darwin argued that the struggle for life applies to every living creature similar collection because, although similar but still show minor abnormalities. Small living things with disabilities varies power to adjust itself to the environment. Living creatures who can adapt will have a greater chance to survive longer, while the less able to adapt will be excluded because of competition. Therefore, it can survive is the most superior (survival of the fittest). [6]4. Joseph John Thompson (1856 AD-1940 AD)Is a scientist with the research which led to the discovery of electrons. Thompson revealed that the gas is able to conduct electricity. He became someone pioneer of nuclear physics. He also discovered a method to separate types of atoms and molecules with different beam using a positive light.B. CONTEMPORARY AGES (20TH CENTURY AND BEYOND)Most thinkers of the 20th century once wrote about the language. [7] The task of philosophy is not to make statements about anything in particular, as to solve the problems arising from misunderstanding of the logic of language. The development of philosophy Abat 20th also marked by the emergence of various schools of philosophy, and most of the flow is a continuation of the schools of philosophy that have developed in the modern age, such as neo-Thomism, neo-Kantian, neo-Hegelianism, neo-Marxism , neo-positivism, and so on.However there are also new schools of philosophy with the characteristics and patterns are totally different as: phenomenology, existentialism, pragmatism, structuralism, and the most recent is the flow of postmodernism.The first figure was Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), as the founder of phenomenology, it has affected the philosophical thinking of the 20th century is profoundly. Phenomenology is the science (logos) about what appears (phinomenon). Phenomenology thus is the study of what it looks or what appeared or the phenomenon. [8]Ekstensialisme and phenomenology are two movements very closely and indicating additional rebellion against the methods and insights of western philosophy. One of the characters is a popular existentialism Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980), he distinguishes dialectical ratio with analytical ratios. Analytical ratios executed in science. Deakletis ratio should be used, if we think about people, history, and social life. This last ratio is diakletis, because there diakletis identity between being and knowledge, meaning that knowledge is a process that takes place in Ada. This ratio investigates diakletis because the object is diakletis and also because he himself is determined by its place in history. [9]Schools of philosophy of existentialism became fashionable philosophizing in the mid 20th century gets a reaction from the flow of structuralism. If existentialism explain the role of the individual, then structuralism actually see the man "trapped" in a variety of structure in his life. Broadly speaking there are two basic notion that is closely related to structuralism as a philosophical schools. Influential figures in the philosophical schools of structuralism is Michel Foucault (1926-1984).In the 20th century there were schools of philosophy of praxis influence in the world is big enough, the flow philosophy of pragmatism. Pragmatism is a philosophical movement of Americans who became famous during the last century. The flow of this philosophy is an attitude, a method and philosophy of taking practical consequences of mind and confidence as a measure to establish a truth value. [10] One of the figures is the pragmatism of William James (1842-1910).Among the special science discussed by the philosophers, physics occupies the highest position. According to Trout (in Rizal Mustansyir, et al., 2001) physics is seen as a basic science subject material contains fundamental elements that make up the universe. He also pointed out that historically the relationship between physics dengna philosophy is seen in two ways. First, a philosophical discussion about the methods of physics, and in the interaction between the view substantially on fiiska (eg on the material, power, concepts of space and time). Second, the traditional teaching of philosophy who answered the phenomena of the material, power, space, and time. Thus, from the beginning has been a close relationship between philosophy and physics.Renowned physicists of the 20th century is Albert Einstein. He stated that nature is finite and infinite magnitude, but also does not change the status of the totality or static over time. Einstein believed in the eternity of matter. This means that the universe is eternal, or in other words do not recognize the nature of creation. Besides theories about physics, the theory of the universe, and others, Contemporary Age is marked by the discovery of various advanced technologies. Communications and information technology, including one that is progressing very rapidly. Ranging from the invention of computers, various satellite communications, internet, and so on. Other fields are also progressing rapidly, resulting in ever-increasing specialization of science. Contemporary scientists know little thing, but in depth. Medical science is increasingly sharpened in specialists and subspecialists or super-specialists, as well as other disciplines. Besides the tendency towards specialization, another trend is the synthesis between science one another, so that it generates new disciplines like biotechnology which today is known as cloning technology. [11]CHAPTER IIICLOSINGA. ConclusionModern era started since the medieval times of crisis for two centuries (the 14th century and 15th) marked the emergence of the Renaissance movement. In modern times it appears different schools of thought that rationalism, empiricism, criticism etc. Modern era was also marked by the discoveries in the field of scientific and science. Many philosophers in modern times include: Rene Descartes (1596-1650), Isac Newton, Charles Darwin, Joseph John Thompson (1856-1940).While the contemporary era also marked by the emergence of various schools of philosophy, and most of the flow is a continuation of the schools of philosophy that have developed in the modern age, such as neo-Thomism, neo-Kantian, neo-Hegelianism, neo-Marxist, neo -positivisme, and so on. However, there are also new schools of philosophy with other traits and patterns such as: phenomenology, existentialism, pragmatism, structuralism and postmodernism.First, the main character is the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), as the founder of phenomenology. Phenomenology is the science (logos) about what appears (phinomenon). Phenomenology thus is the study of what it looks or what appeared or the phenomenon.Secondly, Ekstensialisme and popular figure was Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980), he distinguishes dialectical ratio with analytical ratios. Ekstensialisme and phenomenology are two movements very closely and indicating additional rebellion against the methods and insights of western philosophy.Third, structuralism with character Michael Foucault (1926-1984). If existentialism explain the role of the individual, then structuralism actually see the man "trapped" in a variety of structure in his life.[1] Asmoro Achmadi, Philosophy General, (Jakarta: Eagle Press, 2010) pp., 113-115.[2] Drs. Surajiyo, Philosophy of Science and Development in Indonesia (Jakarta: Earth Literacy, 2010) pp., 87.[3] Ilzamudin Ma'mur, Mufti Ali, Fifty World Moving philosopher, (Jakarta: King Grafindo Persada, 2001, cet. 1.) pp., 83.[4] Prof. Dr. Ahmad Tafsir, General Philosophy of Mind and Heart From Thales to Capra, (Bandung: PT Rosdakarya Offset, 1990, cet. 1) pp., 129-130.[5] op.cit., Pp., 87-88.[6] ibid., P., 89.[7] Drs. Rizal Mustansyir, Philosophy of Science, (Yogyakarta: Student Reader Offset, 2001, cet. 1.) pp., 89.[8] Ibid., P. 91.[9] Ibid., P. 93.[10] Ibid., P. 95.[11] Loc. Cit., P. 89.
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